Max Barber

Summary

A husband and wife were unsuccessful in claiming against a local authority for a mistaken assurance that their pool complied with the Fencing of Swimming Pools Act 1987 (“FOSPA”).

Background

In 2008, Ms Buchanan and Mr Marshall (“Plaintiffs”) purchased a property in Nelson. A selling feature of the property was its centrally located open-plan swimming pool area.

The Tasman District Council had certified in 2006 that the pool complied with the FOSPA. This was confirmed in subsequent pool inspections in 2009 and 2012.

However, the Council’s advice was incorrect– the pool had never been FOSPA-compliant. The Council made this clear to the Plaintiffs in a pool inspection in 2019, and required the Plaintiffs to undertake expensive remediation, including installing a barrier that undermined the open-plan layout of the pool area and thereby reduced the market value of the property.

It was undisputed that the Plaintiffs were outside of the statutory deadline to make a claim in respect of the 2006certification. Well-established case law recognised that the Council owed a duty of care to the Plaintiffs in respect of that certification.

To get around the claims deadline, the Plaintiffs claimed against the Council in respect of the 2009 and 2012 inspections. They argued the claim on the basis that the inspections had given them a false sense of security that the pool complied with the FOSPA, thereby depriving them of an opportunity to sue in respect of the 2006 certification within the statutory limitation period.

The Council admitted negligence but disputed the existence of a duty of care.

The case

The Plaintiffs claimed against the Council in negligence, negligent misstatement, and breach of statutory duty. They claimed damages reflecting lost market value of their property, remediation cost, and general distress.

The deciding issue in the case was whether the Council owed the Plaintiffs a duty of care in respect of the 2009 and 2012 inspections.

The High Court

The High Court found that the Council owed the Plaintiffs a novel duty of care in negligence.

They found that a duty existed because the Council, as the sole body responsible for conducting FOSPA inspections, was the appropriate party to bear responsibility for failure to undertake them properly. Their statutory function meant it was inevitable that they would provide assurances to homeowners about FOSPA compliance, and that homeowners would take their assurances as read.  The court drew an analogy with well recognised duty of care councils owe to those to whom they issue building and code of compliance certificates under the Building Act.

The court found that a duty in negligent misstatement existed, largely on the same basis.

However, the breach of statutory duty claim was rejected as there was no suggestion Parliament intended that a breach of the FOSPA would be enforceable as a civil action for damages.

The court went on to find that while the 2009 inspection was barred by the 10 year limitation period under the Building Act, the 2012 inspection was within time. Accordingly, the court awarded the Plaintiffs the majority of their claimed damages for lost amenity value, remediation costs, and general distress.

Court of Appeal

The Court of Appeal held that no duty of care existed, overturning the High Court. The result was that the Plaintiff’s claim against the Council for damages failed in its entirety.

The court held that it was wrong for the High Court to analyse the matter as a novel duty of care. They should have applied the orthodox test for negligent misstatement. The requirements for a duty of care in negligent misstatement were as follows:

a)     Advice is given for a purposethat is made known to the adviser (expressly or implicitly);

b)     The advisor knows that advice will be communicated to advisee (individually or as a class);

c)      The advisor knows that the advice is likely to be acted on without independent inquiry; and

d)     The advisee acts on the advice to its detriment

Requirements (a) and (d) were not met in this case.

Requirement (a) was not met because there was no connection between the purpose for which the advice was given and the loss suffered.  The court drew on prior case law that established that the existence and extent of a duty of care owed in respect of a statutory function will be coloured by the purpose of the empowering statute.  

The purpose of the Council’s inspection function under the FOSPA was to minimise the risk of harm to children. However, the claimed duty related to economic interests of property owners (who were the subjects rather than the beneficiaries of FOSPA regulation) in preserving their ability to sue the Council in respect of prior acts of negligence. Recognising such a duty would have clashed with the scheme of the FOSPA.

Requirement (d) was also unmet, in that the Plaintiffs had in no way relied on Council statements in the 2009 and 2012 inspections. They were not planning to sue the Council at any point prior to 2019. Reliance on the statements may have promoted a false sense of security, but it did not lead the Plaintiffs to take any step they would not otherwise have taken.

Accordingly, no duty of care in negligent misstatement existed. Following from this, the court refused to recognise a novel duty of care in negligence, holding that to do so would cut across the already well-established law.

Result

The Plaintiffs failed in their claim for damages against the Council on the basis that no duty of care existed.

The decision has the hint of unfairness, given that the Council was admittedly negligent in their original and subsequent inspections. However, as the Court of Appeal noted, the unfairness arose as an inevitable side effect of statutory limitation periods. It was not appropriate for principles underpinning the law of torts to be distorted, however harsh the consequences may have been for the Plaintiffs.

Update: On 20 August 2024, the Supreme Court granted the Plaintiffs leave to appeal. The sole question on appeal will be whether the Court of Appeal was correct to hold that there was no duty of care owed by the Council to the Plaintiffs when carrying out FOSPA inspections. The hearing was in March 2025.

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For future information on this case or similar issues please contact Brigitte Morten, Director

Summary

A resource consent for an intensive social housing development was quashed by the court for failing to notify an affected person.  

Background

The Resource Management Act 1991 (“Act”) categorises activities that determine whether a resource consent is required, and the level of scrutiny that consent applications must be given.  Local authorities are empowered to create  plans and rules which control land use in its district using these statutory categories.

Where a land user applies for resource consent, local authorities must notify ‘affected persons’ of the consent application. An affected person is someone who stands to be affected by the activity in a way that is minor or more than minor. Failure to notify affected persons can render a resulting consent invalid.

The Auckland Unitary Plan is the prevailing district plan in Auckland. The plan sets out zoning rules for various areas of Auckland, as well as creating ‘overlays’. Overlays are areas within a district that change or add to zoning rules that apply to that area.

In May 2022, Kainga Ora applied to Auckland Council for a resource consent for an intensive social housing project in the Manukau CBD (“Development”). The zoning rules set out in the plan classified intensive housing as a permitted activity, but the medium aircraft noise area overlay (“Overlay”) that applied to the Development classified intensive residential development as a discretionary activity requiring a resource consent.

The Overlay existed to protect Auckland Airport from ‘reverse sensitivity’ effects. Reverse sensitivity here meant the risk of increased airport noise complaints from residents, which could potentially disrupt airport operations.

The Council considered that Auckland International Airport Limited (“AIAL”) was not an affected person. They concluded that any reverse sensitivity effects from the Development were likely to be less than minor, on the basis that the development complied with acoustic standards within the Overlay. Accordingly, they decided not to notify AIAL of the consent application (“Notification Decision”) and granted the consent soon after.  

When AIAL discovered that the consent had been granted, they challenged the Notification Decision and the consent via judicial review.

The case

The Court held that the Notification Decision was unlawful for three inter-related reasons.

Misinterpretation of the Overlay

The Council made the Notification Decision on the basis that if an application complied with acoustic standards in the Overlay, its reverse sensitivity effects would be less than minor and it would not require notification. The Council reasoned that as the underlying zoning rules were permissive of intensive housing, an acoustic assessment was all that was needed. Additionally, they emphasised the lack of explicit density controls in the Overlay.  

The Court rejected the Council’s interpretation. The clear intent of the Overlay was that it superseded the underlying zoning rules. The policy behind the Overlay was to protect airports from reverse sensitivity effects, regardless of the zone in which those effects occurred. The terms of the Overlay specifically contemplated that new residential activities be avoided unless their effects could be mitigated through acoustic design standards and controls on density. High density developments increased the pool of potential noise complainants, a factor highly relevant to reverse sensitivity effects.

By relying on compliance with acoustic standards as the sole criterion, the Council had effectively treated the Development as a permitted activity under the plan, despite the Overlay explicitly saying a resource consent was required.

Failure to undertake adequate analysis of reverse sensitivity effects

The Court held that the Council had also erred in failing to undertake an assessment of all relevant effects on AIAL before making the Notification Decision. This requirement to assess effects was implied from the legislation.

The Council argued that their assessment of acoustic effects, in reliance on an engineer’s report, was sufficient to satisfy the requirement. The Court disagreed, holding that a broad assessment of all relevant noise effects or how those might have led to reverse sensitivity effects was required. This would have required a consideration of the cumulative noise effect on residents, including that aircraft noise would recur multiple times per hour, and that people in the outdoors would have to pause conversations or shout regularly.

‍Reliance on inadequate information

Finally, the Court held that the Council had erred in making the Notification Decision on the basis of inadequate information.

Examples of inadequate information on which the Council based their decision included a reliance on unrepresentative flight data collected during Covid-19 restrictions, as well as information about forecasted flight frequency. Adequate information on these points was necessary to accurately determine the level of disruption caused by aircraft noise and thereby the risk of noise complaints.

‍Result

The errors identified by the Court rendered the Notification Decision unlawful. Because the Council had not complied with the notification requirements of the Act, the resource consent issued for the Development was invalid. Should Kainga Ora wish to progress the development, it will need to re-apply for the consent on a notified basis. As a notified party, AIAL will have rights under the Act in respect of any consent issued, including the right to appeal the consent to the Environment Court.

The case is a prime example of the stringent approach to notification that has traditionally been applied by the courts. The decision suggests that where there is any room for doubt, consenting authorities should notify. The result of failure to do so here has been a delay of two years and counting for a major social housing project.

For future information on this case or similar issues please contact Brigitte Morten, Director

Background

In late 2023, the coalition government between the National, ACT and New Zealand First  took office. The National/ACT coalition agreement stated that the Government would repeals 7AA of the Oranga Tamariki Act 1989. The repeal policy originated with ACT and ACT MP Karen Chhour became the Minister for Children.

Section 7AA imposes a duty on Oranga Tamariki to show practical commitment to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi by directing its internal processes towards reducing disparate outcomes for Māori children in state care, and by entering strategic partnerships with iwi or Māori organisations in some cases.

Shortly after the Government took office, several Māori claimants submitted claims in the Waitangi Tribunal arguing that the repeal policy breached the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi.

During the resulting inquiry, the Tribunal directed several questions about the policy to the Minister.

In March 2024, Cabinet agreed to enact legislation to repeal s 7AA. The Crown then informed the Tribunal that the Minister’s evidence was no longer necessary because the policy was now a Cabinet decision.  The relevant Cabinet Paper was provided as evidence of the basis of the decision, and Oranga Tamariki officials would give supplementary evidence in person.  

The Tribunal disagreed that the evidence was no longer necessary. It directed further questions to the Minister, seeking the identities of “prominent individuals” and “anecdotal evidence” identified in the Cabinet Paper as supporting the case for the repeal Bill.  

The Crown maintained its position that the Minister would not give evidence. In response, the Tribunal issued a summons to the Minister, compelling her to provide evidence sought.

The Crown applied for judicial review of the summons decision to argue that Chhour should be exempt from a subpoena.

The case

The Crown alleged in both courts that the summons was unlawful because the evidence was not relevant to the inquiry, and because the ‘heightened requirements of comity’ in the case meant that it was inappropriate to issue the summons.

Relevance

Both the High Court and Court of Appeal rejected the relevance challenge. However, the two courts came to opposing conclusions regarding the value of the Minister’s evidence.

The High Court accepted the Minister’s evidence would not add much to that provided by the Cabinet Paper and by officials. However, the threshold for evidential relevance was low, and the Minister’s evidence would clearly meet it.  

The Court of Appeal disagreed that the Minister’s evidence had nothing to add. The Crown had acknowledged in the Tribunal that the repeal policy reflected “a philosophical or political viewpoint not reducible to empirical analysis”. The ACT Party was the genesis of the viewpoint, notwithstanding Cabinet’s subsequent adoption of the policy pursuant to the National/ACT coalition agreement. In this context, the Minister’s personal evidence was highly relevant and the High Court had erred in saying otherwise.  

Comity

Comity is a constitutional convention that mandates mutual respect and restraint between the different branches of government. Its purpose is to avoid clashes between the separate branches of government that could undermine the constitutional order. Like all constitutional conventions, it is not directly legally enforceable.

Historically, the convention has arisen most often between Parliament and the judiciary.  However, the convention is not necessarily confined to that relationship.

The High Court held that the requirements of comity in this case were heightened. This was because the Tribunal was exercising powers similar to that of a court, and  requiring the Minister to give evidence personally on a Cabinet decision could infringe collective ministerial responsibility and Cabinet confidentiality (themselves constitutional conventions).  

The heightened requirements of comity meant  the Minister’s evidence had to be ‘clearly necessary’ to the purpose of the inquiry, rather than the lower threshold of relevance. As the Tribunal already had the Cabinet Paper and evidence from officials as evidence, the Minister’s evidence was not clearly necessary. Accordingly, the summons decision was unlawful.

The Court of Appeal overturned the High Court decision on this point.

In their judgment, the Court of Appeal emphasised that the purpose of the convention was to avoid conflicts over the powers and privileges of the branches of government, citing the law of Parliamentary privilege as a notable example. There was no potential for similar conflict in this case.

The Tribunal was not acting judicially. Its summons power was being exercised pursuant to an investigation and not an adjudication of rights and duties between parties. The Tribunal could not make legally binding orders, with its function being instead to deliver non-binding recommendations to the Crown about compliance with Treaty principles. Additionally, it ceased to have investigatory jurisdiction as soon a policy was embodied in a Bill that had been introduced to Parliament.

The court also disagreed that summonsing the Minister would breach collective responsibility and Cabinet confidentiality. The repeal policy was the Minister’s in substance, and the Minister could speak to it without compromising any Cabinet proceedings.

Because of this, there was no potential in this case for the type of institutional conflict that the comity convention existed to protect. The High Court had been wrong to apply the ‘clearly necessary’ requirement, and the summons was lawful.

Result

The appeal was allowed, but the court made no order. This would have been redundant given when the case was heard, the Tribunal had already made its final report, and the repeal Bill was before the House of Representatives.

The decision nonetheless provides a rare example of judicial comment on the ambit of important constitutional conventions and the influence they can have on legal rights and duties.

At the time of writing, the Oranga Tamariki (Repeal of Section 7AA) Amendment Bill is before the Social Services and Community Select Committee, which is due to report back on 21 November 2024.

For further information on this case or similar issues please contact Director, Brigitte Morten